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A gusta 109 K2: Alpine Medivac Rescue Stra ight Up& #39; s exploration of vertical flight be gins wit h a high -impact alpine res cue am id an av alanch e. The d ramatic open ing sequence docu ments the dangerous work of t he Rega mountain rescu e team a nd th e invaluable role of the Agusta A109K 2 helicopter in saving lives and minimizing in juries. As t he camera pans over beautiful vis tas of the snow-c overed S wiss Alps, it cuts to a cornice, as a chunk of snow breaks free, triggering an avalanche. The tranquil scene is shattered as th e avala nche thunders down the mountain slopes. Wi th ter rifying speed, it heads straight for a mother and child trapped in th eir car, wheels spinning on the icy road. The mothe r calls fo r help o n her cell phone, an d a second call from a snowplow prom pts radio dispatch. Th e Rega moun tain rescue team alre ady is airborne en route to the scene, the red cr oss painted on the helicopter's white underbelly signa ling that medical help is o n the way. The mother escapes , but her so n is missi ng. Within minutes of the helic opter landi ng, the res cue te am dig ou t the c ar, extract the trapped bo y, a pply fir st aid, and airlift him and his mo ther to safety. A s ignifi cant mou ntai n hazard, avalanches are responsible for ma ny de aths each y ear. Time is of the ess ence in avalanche rescue work. A person has a 90 pe rcen t chance of s urvival if found within the first 15 minu tes, but one's chances of survival dimi nish with ea ch pa ssing minute. N ot only d o helicopt ers provide qui ck access for rescue team s, the y also provide a lifeline to medical care. Flying the injured to the ne arest hospital as rapidly as possible is not the only type of rescue ope ration ; often h elicopters bring th e hosp ital to the injured, wh o receive tr eatment at the scene. The powerful aval anche was shot in British C olumbia 9;s Selkirk Mou ntains under the supervision of the Canadian Avalanche Association. Th e CAA controls avalanche risk for the safety o f heli-s kiers. To capture t he avalanche head-on, avalanche expert and filmmak er Ste ve Krochel and David Douglas developed a quarter-inch-thick steel container for the IMAX camera, which was equipped with a triggeri ng device and a beeper so that the camera could b e fo und o nce the avalan che had swept it down the mou ntain. The rescue w as completed in Switzerl and's Bernina Pas s near th e Italian border. Filming the Rega rescue helicopter air-t o-air seque nce turned into an internatio nal excursi on as Douglas chased the sunlight over Italy in on e di rection a nd in Aust ria in another before setting down in Switzerland. In another drama tic shot, Douglas cent ered the red cro ss in the c rosshairs of the ca mera lens as the craft descen ded. To facilitate this shot, Douglas dug a hole in the snow large enoug h to accommodate himself and the IMAX camera. In side the ho le, 3 feet below the hel icopter, he filmed its takeof f. According to Douglas , "The helic opter is the instrument of rapid r esponse to natural ph ysical and social disa sters arou nd the world, allevi ating h uman suffering on a major sc ale. For the individual caught beyond the l imits of tra ining or equipment, often the last cha nce for surv ival i s the hope that a hel icopter will get to them in time. " The Pitcairn PCA 2, "Miss Ch ampion&q uot; For centu ries hum ans dreamed of flig ht. The C hinese, in the 12th century, develope d a toy helicopt er made from a pair of slats mounted on a sti ck, but ser ious effor ts had to w ait until the early 20 th century. Then, after the Wright brothers&# 39; historic flight at Kitty Hawk, we dream ed of flight unfettered by t he limitations of runways and airp orts. Yet by the e arly 193 0s we were still at the dawn of the pract ical rotorc raft, which promised t o give form to humanity 9;s vision. The ten year period be tween 1925 and 1935 was an exciting time in aviation history, but few a ircraft s o caught a nd held the public ';s attention, as the Autog iro. Nicknamed the ";flying wi ndmil l," this s trange-looking air craft was first s uccessfully f lown in 1923 by the Spanis h invento r, J uan de la C ierv a, who ha d been working on the de velopment of such a craft sin ce 1919 . The Autog iro fasc inated the a ir-mi nded public because o f its re mark able performance a nd high degree of safety, attracting such leade rs of American aviation as Charles Lindberg h and Amelia Earhart. Juan de la Cierva sold the American manufacturing rights to Harold Pitcair n in 1928. Pitcairn9;s Autogiro boasted a more mo dern fuse lage with bette r aerodynamic qualit ies. It also provid ed prosp ective buyers with a choice of e ither a 30 0- or 420-horsepower engine. In the film, H arold Pitcairn's son Step hen flies &q uot;Miss Champion," a 1931 model. T his Autogiro, u sed fo r pro motion b y the Cham pion Spark Pl ug Company, is controlled like an airplane , but is lif ted with blad es. Although the origi nal rotor b lades have see n 1,600 hours of flight time, they are still airworthy. With a 330-hors epower Wrigh t R 975-E engine, t he Autogiro has a cruising speed of 9 8 mph and a top spee d of 118 m ph. "Mi ss Champion" led a National Air T our and made the then -risky 300- mile-long flight from Mia mi to Havana, Cuba. ( Until then, the longes t over-water fligh t by an Auto giro had been 25 miles i n length.) Later, &qu ot;Miss Champion" flew n onstop ove r a dist ance of 500 miles t o Chich en Itza in the Yucata n rainfo rest. ";Mis s Champion" was reti red fr om act ive service in 1 932 after setting a new alti tude record for rotary-wing ai rcraft. Climbing to a h eight of 21,500 feet in 1932, the Autogiro surpassed the prev ious recor d set by Amelia Earha rt. Today, the Aut ogiro is considered to be the evoluti onary &q uot;mis sing l ink& quot; from which the practi cal helicopter was born. Fo rty y ears later S tephen Pitca irn beg an the formi dable task of collecting and r estoring examples of his fathe r's aircraft. He t racked down "Miss Champion" and i n October of 1982 beg an the painst aking t ask of r estoratio n, using the origina l Pitcair n fac tory drawings. In the spring of 1 985 "M iss Champi on" flew aga in. The Bell 47G: A Flying Less on Since Pitcairn&# 39;s Autogiro, improved control systems allow the airf rame to r ise di rectly from the ground with a powered rotor. Straight Up! puts you in the pilot' ;s seat of a Bell 47G as the basic eleme nts of helicopter operat ion are demon strate d. The Bell 4 7G's si ngle-rotor configurat ion is by far the most common type used tod ay. Your flying less on begi ns. As a helicopter pil ot, th e pilot uses all four limbs to fly, all at the sam e time! With the left hand holding the co llective pitch control lev er, he pulls up ever so slightly, and we go straight up into a slow-m otion hover . The spinning rotor blades act as s mall wings , but they spin so fast that they cre ate one con tinuous disc of lift. Wh en the blades change an gle, or pitch collectively, the helicopt er rises or falls. T he pilot&# 39;s right hand always holds the cyclic control, effectively til ting the whi rling d isc ab ove. Poi nt left, tilt le ft. Point right, tilt r ight. The camera then clo ses in on the tail rotor. Once again, t he altering o f th e bla des affects direction. Th e chopper spins in response t o the pilot's depre ssing one of the two foot pedals. If he depresses t he second pedal, t he helic opter spins in the opposite dir ection. The Piasecki H-21B Tandem Rotor Aircraft, "The Flying Banana"; The last flying H-21 B helicopter in t he world takes off, heads for the beach and cruis es 100 fe et above the Pacific surf off the coast of California. One of the earl iest ta ndem he licopters, the H-21B represents the bir th of the he avy lift helicopters a nd dates back to the early 1950s. Nicknamed " The Flying Banana" for i ts shape, the H-21 B had more power and greater stability tha n previous helicopters. The ta ndem-ro tor H-21B c arries t wo sets of wooden blades situat ed nearly 50 feet ap art but operated by on e set of hel icopter fli ght controls. The pi lot must be ever vigilant, as this hel icopter coul d rapidly invert should the pilot let go of the control s. The vint age H -21B used for the film was deco mmissioned from the U. S. Air Force in 1972 and was restore d by th e Californ ia-based Classi c Rotors: The Rare and Vintag e Rotocraft Museum. This nonpr ofit museum and re storation fa cilit y, dedicated to the preservat ion of uniqu e, vintage an d rare rotorcraft, spent more than 10,00 0 hours returning t he H-21B to airworthiness. Ev ery ho ur flown requires 10 0 hours of maintenanc e. Classi c Rotors is the only museum of its kind to mai ntain eight heli copter s in flying con dition. Wh en its new facil ity in San D iego has been co mpleted, the museum will expand its exhibits from 15 to 30 vintage rotorcraft. One of t he highlights of i ts colle ction is a f amous relative of the H-21B. This is a V 44 (the commercial version of the H-21)-ni cknamed &qu ot;The Holy On e"-and is th e only one to land at the Vatica n and be b lessed by th e pope. While on a 19 59 demonstration tour in E urope, the helicopter and its cre w had p rovided help to Italian communiti es follo wing a devastating ea rthquake. Fu ture Helicopter Designs One aspec t of current research centers ar ound the de velopment of ";quiet technology&quo t; that will allow helic opters to become be tter neig hbors and to ope rate more stealthily in police and mil itary operations. Quiet technolo gy advance s rely on a com bination of technologies, which include improved rotor blade design an d the user of rotor systems with fou r or more blades. Replacing th e tail rotor with a Coanda -effect NOTAR (NoTailRotor) system goe s a long wa y in reduc ing noise, as does shrouding the tail rotor in an arrangement k now as a &q uot;fan-in-fin.& quot; Other advances focus on noise-d ampening air inlets and improve d engine nozzles. New he licopter designs are test ed in the world's largest wind tunnel at t he NASA Ames Flight Research Center loc ated at Moffett Field in C alifornia. Ames was founded in 1939 as an aircraft research laboratory of t he National Advisory Committee for Aeronau tics, whi ch became part of the National Ae ronautics and Space Administratio n (NASA) in 1958. NASA has th e leading r ole in aerospace operations sys tems, which include air traffic control, flight effects on humans, and r otorcraft technolog y. NA SA Ames scie ntists and engin eers s tudy r obotic heli copters, hi gh-speed hybrids, and advances in quiet technology. The cen ter also has major responsibilities for the creation of design and development tools and for wind tun nel testing. The N ASA-Bell XV-15 Tilt-rotor In the fi lm, an XV-15 converts over Dalla s-Fo rt Worth Airport. The XV-15 is an experimental rotor craft, th e parent of a new family o f aircraf t calle d "tilt-rotors.&qu ot; Th e tilt-ro tor c ombines t he hovering ability of the helicopter with the speed of a f ixed-wing aircraf t. The XV-15 can take off and l and like a helicopter. The audie nce will see the engine s tilting forward as the tilt-rotor becomes a high -speed plane. The Bell-Boeing V-22 Osprey A V- 22 Osprey unwraps, emerg ing like a prehistoric f lying dinosaur. Built primarily for the U.S. Mar ines, Air Force, an d Navy, the V -22 Osprey has wings that pivot and rotors that fold to faci litate its stora ge at sea. In less than 90 secon ds, you will se e the V-22 complete this process. Although s till classified as a til t-roto r, it is faster, with thr ee times t he range and mor e th an t en times the payload o f its predecessor. It show s the pr omis e of long-dist ance travel, without ai rports. The Hawk 4 Gyropla ne Rotorcr aft evol ution is also i n the hands of the entrepreneur , and this independe nt spirit is most evident in the Hawk 4 Gy roplane. While some designs produce groundbreakin g changes, this aircra ft brough t the ec onomy and safety of the Autogi ro into t he space age . A rotor is used for slow-speed fl ight, but at high-speed cruis ing all the lift is provided by the wing while the rotor has no l ift. The Gyroplane shows promise as a hi gh-sp eed, low-disc-loading rotorcraft . The Boeing-Sikorsky R AH-66 Comanche The Comanche rips and dips across the screen , se t agains t a sunset. This pr ototyp e helicopter has stealth technology. It 9;s smart, a gile , fast and i nvisible to radar. It 9;s the first helicopter to provide real-time d igital data to headquarters. Seein g in the d ark, s ensing the fo rces at play around us and acting on the evidence in real time, the Comanche is a compl ex flying machine with a human being at its heart. Everyday, in unexpect ed ways, it extends ou r powers an d puts us to wo rk wi th a revolu tionary tool. The Comanche is the c entral element of the U.S. Army's future O bjective Force. In addition to its complement of missiles and 20-mm cannon, th e ai rcraft carries s tate-of- the-art sensors an d avionics to provide battlefield c ommanders with so much accurate information about en emy moveme nts. T his knowledge will translate into more precise targeting, increasing the effectiveness of frien dly forces beyond current capab ilities. T he U.S. Army has def ined a requirement o f more than 1,200 Comanches for the Objective Force. The RAH Coman che, the army's 21st-century combat helicopt er is being developed by the U .S. Army and a team of le ading aero space companies heade d by the B oein g Company and S ikorsky Aircraft Corporation, a uni t of Un ited Technologies Corporat ion. The Si korsky UH-60 Black Hawk and A S 35 0 B2 AStar Enforce th e Law Events swiftly unfold as the radar plane s pots an "unide ntified&q uot; Cessn a dropp ing bundle s of drugs off the coast of Miami at da wn. A signal ale rts the Marine a nd A ir Bra nch o f U.S. Customs who speed out to intercept the smugglers. Just a s th e drugs are tran sferred from boat to van , The AStar helicopter bursts over the t reetops, deploying a tac tical team to arre st the dri ver. While the smuggler 's Cigarette boat attem pts to escape, a Black Ha wk helicopter dips down t o create a giant backwash. In a stunning display of im peccable teamwor k, t his action forces th e fleein g boat t o sw erve to a halt as a Cu stoms boat cuts it o ff and ap prehends the criminals. On a typ ical day, the U.S. Customs Service examine s 1.3 million passengers, 2 ,642 airc raft, 50,889 tru cks/containe rs, 355,004 other vehicles, 588 vessels, 64, 923 entries and undertake s the follow ing e nforcement actions : 64 a rrests, 1 07 nar cotic seizures, 223 other seizures, 9 currenc y seizures. These amount to 5,059 pounds of narcotics, $443,907 in curren cy, $228,803 in conv eyanc es, $52 5,791 in merchan dise and more than $ 15,800 in a rms and ammunition . Filmed over a period of five days off the coast of Miami, the air, land, and sea drug b ust was staged by the U.S. Customs Service, which relies heavily on helicopters during such operations . U.S. Customs pi lot, To m Stant on, particip ated in t he shoot wit h hi s co-pi lot Kimber ly Kesse l. Kessel is one of sev en w omen U.S. Customs pil ots an d only one of two qu alified to fly Black H awks. Both pilots volunteered to work with the film crew. S ays Kessel, a gr aduate of Embry-Riddle A eronautical University, "They were phenomenal, ready to try anything." In a ddition t o day time flights, Stan ton flies the riskier night mi ssions. "Fl ying at night is dangerous as you lose all perception of what&# 39;s up or down be cause bot h the s ky and o cean are black, so they just kind of run in to gether. There's n o horizo n on those dar k nights," says the v eteran p ilot. Typic ally he flies from 300 to 500 feet above th e water at 120 to 150 knots. "Not many peopl e fly that low, e ven in the daytime ," says Stanto n. "There 's no autopil ot, so it&# 39;s han ds on. Plus you& #39;re chasi ng someone. Yo u have t o be awar e. It can get tense out there."< br/> Stanton describes a n air cha se: &quo t;Onc e th ere's a target , we launch a jet wi th radar. The je t pilot cal ls the helicopte r out and we link up, fl ying in formation. We follow the bad guy wherev er he goes. If he has extended-range fuel tanks, we leapfrog and send ano ther helicopter o ut t o take up the chas e. (The Black Hawk ca rries fiv e hours of fu el.) When he get s into his landing configura tion, we c all the local police or sheriff to help us out." The Bl ack Hawk, wh ich can carry up to 14 pe ople, typ ically c arries 4 or 5 armed pe rsonnel, "so we instantly have a force of police offic ers there to get the bad guys." &quo t;If i t's a boat, we have Cigarette b oats l ike the smuggle rs. We' ll call our boat and have it int ercept." Stanton flies the Bla ck Hawk next to the boat, making it hard for the smug gler s to n avigate. &q uot;It intimidates them into giving up. Sometimes they do [but] sometimes we c hase them for hours. Or we 'll f ollow them i nto a ma rina and b lock them until our boat s come. If they h it the b each, we' ;ll call the state police or sheriff, and they set up a pe rime ter so the guy can't get out." Stanton, who flies missions as often a s once or twice a week, ha s been flying for 26 years , 13 of those as an army helico pter pilot before he joined U.S. Customs in Miami wh ere he is the "stan dardization instructor pi lot." He makes sure that ever ybody flies the same way, so that when they team up, the pi lots easily work in tandem. Pilots fly 8-hour shif ts and the operation goes on 24 h ours a day, 7 days a week in areas covering b oth the Canadia n and Mexican land bor ders, the Atlantic and Paci fic coastlines, and the Gulf of Mexico. T he MD 500E Hel icopter A MD 500 helicop ter hovers di rectly above 500,000-volt power line s. As it inches close r, a lightning bolt suddenly zaps out from the hot line, a rcing toward the wand extended by a lineman pe rched on an alu minum platform that juts out from the helicopter. Th e &quo t;hot-line-qualified" lineman clamps onto the power lines, and helicopter backs off, leaving him to &qu ot;wire wal k," cra wling along parallel lines to inspect th e PPL power li ne grid, 100 feet off the ground. To reb oard the helicopter, the li neman must & quot;bond off,&qu ot; reversing th e procedu re. "I don& #39;t g ive t wo h oots and a holler about flyi ng inside a helicopter. Put me outside, that& #39;s where I want to be,&q uot; says Daniel "Spider&quo t; Lockhart, AgRotors line man. There ' s only three things I 9;ve be en afraid of most of my life: One was electricity, one was heights a nd the other was women. And, I';m married too,&q uot; he grins. "T he safest line man is one that is a fraid of el ectricity. When we bond to the power lines en ergized at half-a-million volts, we have to bring our selves to t he same pote ntia l. That is why you see tha t arc jumping out to our wand as we make both the helicopter and the power line at the sa me potent ial, so that we can eliminate the flow of current,&qu ot; expla ins the veteran li neman. Spid er w ears a protective hot su it, 75 percent Nomex for fire r etardati on and 25 pe rcent stainl ess steel thread. "The meta l threa d bas ically means I have a cage around me that can b e energized at very hig h voltag e level s. A half -million v olts pass over my body, but I can work wi thout inter ference from the ele ctricity." He continues, "Watchi ng that electricity jump out while you're energizing the helicopter is a thrill. Gett ing on the wire, walking the wire to do repairs is a thril l. The biggest thrill I get is from doing what I do is being a ble to do both together-the elec trical part and the he licopter part of it, the speed at whi ch we can do it and still be safe. There are so many things that the helico pter enabl es us to do as linemen, whi ch is very r ewarding.& quot; The teamwork of the skilled helicop ter pilo ts and hi ghly trained lineme n ensure that the PPL Cor p. provides a constant source of electricity to its 1.3 million customers in Pennsylvania (in addition to 4.4 million in Latin America a nd Europe). To maintain the integrity o f the transmission system t o residenti al and commerci al establ ishments, and to ensure the safety of the o peration, the team plans and re hears es every move while on the ground before takeoff. Even so, unanticipated gusts of wind and glare from the wir es can affec t the pilot's depth perception, requiring to tal concentration du ring his hours at the controls. As the helicop ter is isol ated from the g round, th e pi lot and lineman , cla d in protect ive stainles s steel suits, mu st bond onto the tr ansmission lines to bring them selves to the sam e voltage potential of th e line to work safely-paralleling what a bird does when it sits on a wire. Probably the most unusua l pla ce that the director rigged the camera was on th e en d of the platfo rm on the MD 500 , whi ch is designed to carry the lineman as he bonds onto the half-million-volt po wer line. "We took away the lineman and put the camera in his place; the lineman rode behind the ca mera and use d his wand to draw the arc of electricity right onto th e camera lens. I d on't think it ' ;s been done before. It blew all the ele ctronics out of the c amera a couple of times before we figure d out how to do it,& quot; recalls Doug las. The Boe ing 234 Helicopter: H eliloggin g with L imited Environ mental Da mage Floating above the f ores t in northe rn Califo rnia, a 12 -ton Boei ng 234 helicopter selects i ts target with precision. Se lective logging is a proce ss wh ere only a portion of the available t imber is re moved from a logging site. A single tree is lifted straight up from the forest f loor, leaving the rest o f the area enviro nmentally intact. Removing such timber-v ery often trees that are already dead or diseased -allows the re maining trees to thrive on the add itiona l re sourc es of sunlight, water, and soil nutrients. Helilogg ing is env ironmen tally friendly in other ways as we ll. First, since the logs are lif ted from th e grou nd, little s oil erosion, typi cal of conventiona l logging meth ods, occurs. Second, in many cas es the helicopter is able to use e xist ing r oads for l andin gs, meaning no new road s need t o be built i nto the area being logge d. Colu mbia H elicopters cuts more logs each year than any other helicopter logging company. To prep are the timber for the helicopter, the specially trained logging cr ew cut it into carefully weighed sections. Columbia';s f light crews are among the mos t experienced at l ong-line work in the world. Wi th speed an d precision, they are able to move heavy loads of logs at the end of lines up t o 350-fe et long. Once th e line is lowe red from the Bo eing 234 helic opter, steel tongs clamp the log and the entire tree is remove d without d isturbin g the balanc e of nature. "It's kinda like lookin ' down 25 stories and pi cking up a telephone po le," comm ents t he h elicopter p ilot, Dave Stroupe, who deposits the timber at a nearby tr ansfer yard. "The unique thing about this helicopter is that, when we take off from the ground, we weigh approxima tely 22,000 poun ds. And we're rigge d for abo ut 26,000 pounds when we get low on fuel. So the load act ually weighs more than the helico pter. It' ;s excitin g and harro wing a ll at the same time. " The Boeing 234s have a lift ca pacity of 28,000 lb, (12,72 7 kg), but most often carry loads between 23,00 0 lb, (10,454 kg) to 24, 000 lb (10, 909 kg) due to el evation and air temperature consi derations . The company trains loggers to work with helicopters because load weight is s uch a dramatic part of what they do. Weight is determined, using a form ula, which are a functio n of the vol ume and th e type of woo d. Dif ferent tree species ha ve diffe rent weights per vo lume. When one of the pilot s suggested using the log as a platf orm for the camer a, Douglas realized anot her e xciti ng camera angle. The pos sibility exi sted that th e branches could sc rape off the c amera as the log w as h auled up. Do uglas pre vented this by placing the camer a insid e a heavy st eel avalanche box, whic h he anchored on the end o f a big log. Once th e log was grappled, the hel icopter ha uled the pr otected camera right through t he branches , gi ving the audience a breathtaking view from t he per spective of the log! T he U.S. Ma rine Co rps AV-8B Ha rrier , AH-1W Cobr a, CH-53E Su per S tallion and CH-46 E Sea Knig ht on a Military Mission A n AV -8B Har rier jet demonstrat es its vertical landing ability fol lowed by a force reconnaissance inservice exercise from an aircraft carrier, a s Marines c limb aboard the CH-53E. AH -1W Cobras and Harriers form an a ssault-su pport pac kage, as the rec onnaissance team sets out on a mission to obtain i nvaluable intelligence about the enemy. Insi de the CH-53E, the machine-gunner is at the ready a s a Cobr a fires three rockets. The action heats up as the I MAX camera c aptures the M arines fa st-rop ing throug h the "hell hole" and sliding down a rope dangling from t he CH-53E, landing in enemy territory. The leader of the reconna issance team says, &q uot;By th e ti me you get to touch rope in a l ive situa tion, you and your men feel tighter tha n family. Your fat es are tied like the strand s of a rope." Two hou rs la ter the Marine s have c ompleted the ir mission and are ready to be evac uated. Now the enemy hunts them on the ground. Trees shake as the resc ue CH-53E helicopter hovers overhead, lowering a rope to the squad, now up to their waists in water. One aft er the other, in a matter of seconds, the men cli p themse lves o nto the rop e. & quot;Extrac tion, even mo re than insertio n, is when you n eed speed. You've been awfu l quiet. Suddenly, you 're awful loud,&qu ot; says Sgt. James Kenneke, the s quad leader. H e9;s first i n and last o ut. Lifted u p, lik e washi ng on a line, the squad d angles beneath the helicopter as it is escorted by Cobra s, out ove r the Atlanti c. &q uot;It& #39;s a relief to get ou t. But the re 9;s that moment of dou bt. Ever ything slow s down while you're exposed � holding your breath for that happy ending. A nd when you get it , you feel on top of the worl d. Of course, t hen we've got t o commute h ome just like everybody el se," smiles Kenn ecke. The Mi- 26 an d Mi-8 Deliver Humanita rian Aid Sometimes, somethin g very precious must be d elivered behind enemy l ines-food. Sierra Leone is a nation that has suffered years of confl ict. From t he food depo t to the hot spot, helicopters pr ovide an air bridge. Hoi sting food and medical sup plies to distr essed people behind re bel-held ter ritories, the y ha ve the abil ity to hop o ver hot zones in desperate sit uations. The wo rld 9;s largest production helicopter-th e Russian-made Mi-26- is the workhorse for the United Na tions (UN) peacekeep ing op eration i n war-torn Sierra Le one. The heaviest production helicopter in the world, this ma jestic ei ght-bladed cra ft-one of four chartered by the UN from Russi a-can carry a maximum of 44,090 lb (20,04 0 kg) o f int ernal payload or up to 70 troops. The Mi-2 6's top speed is 183 mph (295 kp h) and i t has a range of 304 mile s (400 km). In this sequence, th e Mi-26 is loaded wi th cargo to supply UN troops protecting an is olated com munity in the center of rebel-held territory. The world 9;s largest food agency, the UN World Food Pr ogram (WFP), or ganized a massive air campaign targ eting inte rnally displaced persons that h ad con gregat ed near a clinic fo r maln ourished ch ildren. Once rebels from the Revolutionary United Fro nt (RUF) had surroun ded the area a nd blocked road access , the WFP was prevente d from co mpleting a bulk distr ibution. I nstead, they loaded up their Mi-8 and flew to the Daru clinic where th e most vulnerable women and children were locat ed. &quo t;All children under five who are malnourished are given a special fe eding progra m in Daru. An d the under-five a re alw ays the first ones you t arget for any kind of extreme malnouri shed case s, bec ause t hey di e very quickly," says Aya Shneerso n, program officer for the WFP. "Daru is a kind of an island, a safe island, surro unded by areas that are unsafe," she says, "and f or tha t reason, it a lways ser ved as a sort of magne t for the very vulnerable people coming out." Anot her big WFP operation, Food for Peace, gives food to child ex -combata nts, in an effort to attract them to disarmament and demobilizatio n camps. The h eavily laden craft flew out of the capital city, Freet own, situated on the west coast of A frica b etween Guinea on the north and Liberia o n the so uth. The WFP supervises a variety o f feeding p rograms in th e displacement camps, feeding 5 ,000 in an operat ion that ta rgeted Bunbuna, Kabala and Daru in 2000. T hroughout the world, helicopters have saved millions of human lives. There are 777 million people in developing countr ies, according to t he WFP. In 2001 the WFP fed 77 mil lion hungry people (10 percent of the hungry poor) in 82 c ountries. Diam onds, w hich should have brought p rospe rity to Si erra Leone, instead resul ted in one of the modern w orld's most brut al insu rgencies, d ating back to 1991 when re bels launch ed a war to overthro w the government. In the ensuing years, continuous batt les between the variou s factions- rebels, the army an d the gover nment-dis placed tens of thousands of innocent civilians, resulting in hunger and f amine. In 1998 UN o bservers documented report s of ongoing atro cities and hum an righ ts abu ses. In 19 99 neg otiati ons began be tween the government and the rebels, and an agreement was signed in Lome to end ho stilitie s and f orm a government of nati onal unity. By 2000, t he UN 9;s expand ed ro le re sulted in the deployment of 17,500 mi litary peacekeeping personnel to various parts of the country. Free elections in May 2002 have given ho pe and a fre sh started i n Sie rra Leone . The AS 35 0 B2 and A S 350 B3 Used for Wildlife R elocation In South A frica, helic opters are hel ping to save the b lack rhin o from extin ction. Protected in a few remote preserv es, t heir numbers are rising. Ho wever, should the rhinos feel o vercrowded, they will fight to the death . To pr otect the species, some must b e relocated to safe habitats, but this is ea sier said than done.< br/> A platform dangles from a heli copt er overhea d. Inside a nother helicopter , flyin g low over the S outh African veldt, a man with a rifle takes a im at a black rhi noceros, dodging through the bushes below. The pilot conc entrates on f lying 5 feet above and 10 to1 5 fee t behind the rhi no. Anticipatin g its every m ove, a wildlife veterinaria n pulls the trigger of h is gun loaded with a tran quilizer dart, scoring a direc t hit that successfully penet rates the rh ino's inch-thick skin. " ;When I am darting a nimals like the black rh ino, t here is this immen se trust between myself and Piet , the pi lot,& quot; says wildlife veterinari an, Dr. Douw Grobler, who speci alizes in immuniza tions and tr anslocations. " ;I know exactly w hat h e's goi ng to d o and where he9;s going to place me. I don't have to think. I c an just con centr ate on the animals. I just know he9;s gong to put me the re in the righ t spot at t he right time. It's almost that he senses wha t the an imal' ;s going to do. In tha t wa y, he can change the animal& #39;s mind with his h elicopter.&qu ot; Grobler has measu red a specific drug dosage, whic h can keep a rhino asle ep for up to two hours. Once the rhino is darted, the ground crew lands as soon as po ssible t o und ertake a multitude of tasks. They m onitor the beast';s vital signs, take skin and blood sampl es to study its basic health and to d etect any nutrients that are lackin g. This ens ures that th e habi tat is he althy for long-term pro pagation. They also condu ct pregnancy testing. Each rhino's ear is notch ed so that it can be identified easily from the air a nd ground. The tip of the second h orn is removed to p rovide material for genetic re search, and a transmitter is fitte d into the r hino's h orn for tracking its whereabouts . Poachers presen t a c onstant danger to th e rhi nos9; security. Should a poacher r emove the h orn fo r export, the transmitter wou ld trigger an alarm. When two mal es inhabit the same territory , one m ust be r elocated bef ore they battle to the de ath. Placing a sling in position, t he crew rolls the rhino aboard the platform, making sure it is fully asleep. With a lifting capability of 3,500 lb (1 ,590 kg), th e AStar B 3 can relocate the 2,250-lb (1022 -kg) rhino to an a rea of the s anctuary tha t is acces sible only by he licopt er.< br/> Th e extensive researc h on eleven black rhinos acq uired during the fo ur-day shoot was made po ssible onl y thro ugh SK Film' ;s financial co ntribution. &quo t;My field of expertise lies in th e capture an d relocati on o f African wildlife. I am extremely grateful to St raight Up! fo r sponsoring this incr edibly imp ortant resea rch and re locatio n program at the game pa rk. Without the film, this resear ch would not ha ve hap pened," says Grobler, who or ganized th e capture, researc h and relocation project, with the film's product ion cr ew. "Every anima l is jus t so valuable,&quo t; he says, "and any informati on that ca n be c ollected on them is worth its weight in gold." The pre historic ancestor o f today&# 39;s r hinos exi sted more t han 50 million years ago. Among today' s five rhino species, the black rhino , which has two h orns, has suffered the most spectacular rate of de cline. From a pop ulation of 65,000 in 1970 it had been h unted almost t o extinct ion, declining to a population of 2,3 00 by 1992 -93. Current statistics indicate that the African black rhino p opula tion has r isen to 3,500 a s a result of the protecti on of nature reserves, devel oped by conservancy groups, agencies an d gover nments to facilitate breeding and relocatio n programs. This segment of Straight Up! wa s fi lmed i n one suc h rese rve in Sout h Africa, where blac k rhinos had been r eintroduced in 1986. T he he licop ter, an irreplaceab le co 陆灵蹊搂住小家伙时，心里软软的，“我们也好想 你，放心，爷爷会 上来的，青主儿和葵葵也会上来的，以 后还会有敖 象、小贝他们， 对了，他们也有礼物 给你噢， 神神秘秘地封着 ，也没让我看，回 头你瞅瞅，要 是宝石什么的，也分我两块玩。”
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